ࡱ > { t E@ bjbj G o , < < < < 4 | k k k h l n | / t o v L Pv Pv fv , ͞ y $ R Z < < Pv fv p p p < Pv fv p p " p n fv o 3; k < 0 / O R O @ < < < < O Q 0 " p Q Q Q | | $W k | | k INTERNAL COMBUSTION BOUNDARY LAYER TURBINE ENGINE Spiral Paths, Drag Effects & BLTE Minimal Configuration by Daniel Woody of Control System Development LLC HYPERLINK "mailto:danwoody@sbcglobal.net" danwoody@sbcglobal.net HYPERLINK "http://www.controlsystemdev.com/" http://www.controlsystemdev.com TABLE of CONTENTS TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351821901" INTRODUCTION PAGEREF _Toc351821901 \h 3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351821902" THE BLTE PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE PAGEREF _Toc351821902 \h 3 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351821903" Complex (Single Chassis) BLTE Operation Description: PAGEREF _Toc351821903 \h 5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351821904" THE BLTE BOUNDARY LAYER OPERATION PAGEREF _Toc351821904 \h 6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351821905" DISK PUMPING ACTION PAGEREF _Toc351821905 \h 8 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351821906" DISK MOTORING ACTION PAGEREF _Toc351821906 \h 12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351821907" In the presence of combustion: PAGEREF _Toc351821907 \h 13 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351821908" MINIMAL BLTE CONFIGURATION PAGEREF _Toc351821908 \h 14 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351821909" The components are: PAGEREF _Toc351821909 \h 14 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351821910" Addressing pulse-driven configurations PAGEREF _Toc351821910 \h 15 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351821911" Some characteristics of pulsed operation are: PAGEREF _Toc351821911 \h 15 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351821912" BLTE ABSTRACT PAGEREF _Toc351821912 \h 16 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351821913" PATENT PROGRESS PAGEREF _Toc351821913 \h 16 TABLE of FIGURES TOC \h \z \c "Figure" HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659095" Figure 1 - Schematic Operation of the Complex BLTE PAGEREF _Toc351659095 \h 4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659096" Figure 2 - Main Stage disks front view PAGEREF _Toc351659096 \h 5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659097" Figure 3 - Edge on view of disks and associated boundary forces PAGEREF _Toc351659097 \h 6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659098" Figure 4A- flow pattern of an externally propelled disk in motion PAGEREF _Toc351659098 \h 7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659098" Figure 4B- radial reference and flow vectoring PAGEREF _Toc351659098 \h 7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659099" Figure 5A- pressure balance of disk at rest PAGEREF _Toc351659099 \h 8 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659099" Figure 5B- flow vector angles relative to radial reference PAGEREF _Toc351659099 \h 8 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659100" Figure 6A- pumping action of disk in motion PAGEREF _Toc351659100 \h 9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659100" Figure 6B- pumping action pressure differential vectoring PAGEREF _Toc351659100 \h 9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659101" Figure 7A- zero flow pressure balance PAGEREF _Toc351659101 \h 10 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659101" Figure 7B- zero flow pressure balanced vectoring PAGEREF _Toc351659101 \h 10 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659102" Figure 8A- disk pumping gradient developed from ports to periphery PAGEREF _Toc351659102 \h 11 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659102" Figure 8B- disk pumping gradient vectoring PAGEREF _Toc351659102 \h 11 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659103" Figure 9A- disk motoring gradient developed from periphery to ports PAGEREF _Toc351659103 \h 12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659103" Figure 9B- disk motoring flow vectoring PAGEREF _Toc351659103 \h 12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc351659104" Figure 10- Schematic construction of a minimal BLTE configuration PAGEREF _Toc351659104 \h 14 INTRODUCTION The Internal combustion Boundary Layer Turbine Engine (BLTE) product is a continuous-burn internal-combustion high efficiency converter of hydrocarbon fuels to kinetic energy. This engine design is based on the Tesla Turbine flat bladed external combustion engine but has been modified with intake, compression, combustion and exhaust components which will form a basic BLTE main stage. Auxiliary (minor stages) can be used as additional pre-compression, post-combustion (exhaust evacuation) stages to enhance BLTE performance. The difference between the auxiliary compression and exhaust stages will be the relative placement of these stages in a compound (multi-chassis) or complex (single chassis) engine arrangement. The purpose of this document is to explain the function and process of the working fluid spiral drag on the surface of the BLTE flat disks. This spiraling action is the result of unequal pressures and produces a laminar flow high drag within the confines of the disk surface boundary layers. Power in the form of increasing torque and speed is imparted to the disk assembly and ultimately to the output shaft by virtue of the decreasing radius of the working fluid path from the disk periphery to the central exhaust ports utilizing the conservation of angular momentum. The examples of the Tesla Turbine engine are typically shown using two nozzles directed to the periphery of a single disk stack implying an ability to self-start; by changing the active injection nozzle. With this method, the engine direction can be selected. The uses of nozzles have sparked discussion of nozzle efficiency and directivity. The use of nozzles is non-essential to the operation of the Tesla Turbine outside of the introduction of the working fluid (steam) to initialize engine directivity. The BLTE is able to function without the use of nozzles. The unexplored illogic of this arrangement is that if you are using flat disks, then onto what component of the Tesla Turbine are the steam jets of working fluid impinging? This engine does not operate by virtue of the working fluid pushing against some internal component but rather by the effects of drag on the smooth surface of a flat disk pulling that disk along. HYPERLINK "http://www.rexresearch.com/teslatur/teslatur.htm" \t "_blank" http://www.rexresearch.com/teslatur/teslatur.htm The BLTE is an engine whose primary component of motivation is the drag imposed by a working fluid on the smooth flat faces of disks and adheres to those disks by the working fluid boundary layer; the dynamic stickiness is augmented by the laminar flow of the working fluid on the disk face. The BLTE represents a departure from the intuitive nature of conventional engines which produces motion by the push of working fluids (exhaust) on reciprocating pistons or turbine vanes. The Tesla Turbine engine and the BLTE both operate using the characteristics of drag or the pull of a working fluid on the smooth surfaces of a disk or a disk stack. As influenced by the effects of drag, the free-falling drop of rain forms an efficient shape (least affected by drag) with its parabellum leading edge, tapered sides and pointed tail. It is this shape among others that demonstrates an exceptionally low coefficient of drag. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_coefficient" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_coefficient THE BLTE PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE With the BLTE, where differentially sized disks are used, the compression disks have a larger diameter than the adjacent set of power disks and therefore have a greater potential periphery pressure than do the power disks. Between the compression disk stack and the power disk stack is a buffer disk (red disk in HYPERLINK \l "Figure1" Figure 1) which redirects the intake air into the combustion chamber and through the power disk stack to their central ports. This represents the natural flow or the path of least resistance exclusive of a combustion event. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1Complex (Single Chassis) BLTE Operation Description: Stage 1 Air Intake Centrifuge Compression/Intake Ports Air Compression (Stage 1 - larger compression disks) Chassis Containment/Pressure Vessel Fuel Injection Flame Barrier Ignition Combustion Power Production Exhaust/Power Extraction Flow (Stage 1 - smaller power recovery disks) Stage 2 Exhaust Evacuation (Stage 2 - larger compression/evacuation disks) Power Boost Water/Air Injection (or after-burn Fuel Injection) Water Vaporization/Air Expansion (or auxiliary ignition for Fuel Injection) Exhaust/Power Extraction Flow (Stage 2 - smaller power recovery disks) Auxiliary Stage Exhaust Evacuation (optional) This engine the "Internal Combustion Boundary Layer Turbine Engine (BLTE)" is a new modification of asteam operated previous design,which meansthistypeof enginehas run in the past. The modifications resulting in internal combustion capability means that a company (a car company for instance) can secure exclusive rights for its application andyet be assured of its operation. The BLTEs predecessor, the Tesla Turbine engine was demonstrated circa 1910 in single stage models which produced outputs from 110 to 10,000 HP (82- 760 Kw) in its steam driven equivalent.A gasoline driven variant of the Tesla turbine engine was operated in a pulse driven mode shortly after the appearance of the steam application. Since this engine configuration was also introduced as a pump, many manufacturers produce pumps using flat disks (TeslaPumps) that produce millions in annual sales today. A description of the disks is as follows (more detail is available in the BLTE Construction and Operation document: Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2 THE BLTE BOUNDARY LAYER OPERATION To understand the BLTE operation, the effects of drag must be understood. Drag is the effect of equalizing the energies of two or more contacting objects of unequal energies. The intuitive method of using a working fluid (combustion product) as a pushing influence on pistons, vanes or buckets has been practiced and instilled as the normal, if not the only mode of engine operation. Lateral drag is the form that most affects BLTE operation. There are primarily three components of drag where an object is being affected by an external energetic fluid flow. The normal or perpendicular component of fluid impingement to the leading surface of the object into the fluid flow stream. The area of the flow impingement is dependent on the geometry of the objects leading surface and the pre-existing turbulence of the impinging fluid. The lateral flow attached by the boundary layer to the sides of the object which are parallel to the direction of fluid flow. The parasitic disturbances or wake turbulence left by the passing of an object through a fluid medium which is dependent on the object geometry and the pre-existing fluid turbulence. Note: That parasitic loss relative to engine output often refers to the powering of peripheral systems such as hydraulic or pneumatic pumps, electrical generators, fans and turbo (exhaust) pumps. The primary motive force of the Tesla/BLTE devices is the drag of the decreasing radius of the vortex spiral towards the central exhaust ports on the smooth disk surfaces. High speed bounded gasses at the disk periphery slow as the working fluid path reduces its radius and thus travelsin a reducing circumference. The energy losses of slowing gasses is thus converted to shaft torque by virtue of the "conservation of angular momentum" in much the same fashion as a figure skaters increased speed as he/she withdraws their arms, if theirpirouettespeed were impeded, the impeding mechanism would experience increasing torque as does the Tesla/BLTE shaft if attached to a load,otherwise the disk assembly speed would increase. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 3 Below is a link to a NASA website demonstrating the effects of boundary layering and thus lateral drag and its effects on a wing surface: HYPERLINK "http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/boundlay.html" http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/boundlay.html Again, the intuitive method of using a working fluid (combustion product) as a pushing component on vanes or buckets has been practiced for thousands of years with the use of waterwheels and windmills for example. The drag method of propulsion is non-intuitive but appreciatedconsidering the effect ofa wing surface that employs boundary layering for flight and by its nature introduces lateral drag. The other two components of drag are "normal (head-on)" drag influenced by the shape and speed of the item heading into the retarding medium and the "parasitic" drag which is the turbulence (wake) left in the retarding medium by the passage of the item of consequence which is also determined by its shape and speed. As pressurized working fluid attempts to exit via the central disk ports, it forms a spiral path of decreasing radius; the energy of the working fluid is imparted to the disk assembly by virtue of its boundary layer attachment and by virtue of the conservation of angular momentum. The kinetic energy of the working fluid is slowed due to decreasing path of its radius en-route to the central port exhausts. The method of BLTE and Tesla engine (flat disk stack) operation is to confine the working fluid flow to the disks boundary layer using the proximity of disks in the disk stack thereby increasing the disk surface fluid pressure and therefore the disk drag force. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 4 The figure to the left (Figure 4A) represents a disk in motion where the motion is influenced by a greater external (chassis) pressure than the fluid pressure on the disk which causes the fluid flow to spiral onto the disk and out of its central ports. The usual analogy demonstrating the conservation of angular momentum is the increasing speed of a figure skaters pirouette as he or she withdraws their arms. In the case of the BLTE the withdrawn arms are the continually decreasing radius of the working fluid currents. In Figure 4A & 4B, a brown dashed line is shown as the radial reference where dashed lines (shown below) will be used to indicate the flow direction and magnitude (vector) forces acting at different distances from the disk center along the radial reference and out to the disk periphery. The imbalance of pressures vectors the working fluid in a downward (towards the central ports) at a negative angle as detailed in Figure 5B, this negative angle adds energy to the disk assembly. The BLTE as well as all conventional internal combustion engines convert unequal pressures to kinetic energy (engine operation) and conversely converts kinetic energy to imbalanced pressures (pump operation). The working fluid spiral flow of from the disk periphery to the disk central ports are the characteristic flow pattern seen across the power disk assembly and is presented first since this is the method of extracting shaft torque and speed from the pressure exerted by the exhaust (combustion products) external to the disk periphery. DISK PUMPING ACTION When a disk or disk assembly is rotated by virtue of an external power source the air (fluid) attached to the disks at or beneath the boundary layer is subject to centrifugal force and is spun off at the disk periphery. This action leaves a vacuum in its stead and causes more fluid to be impelled at the center ports, if possible, to in-turn be spun off at the disk periphery. The acceleration of these working fluid currents to and off of the disk periphery requires an external source of energy to continue its rotation or the rotational speed is slowed as energy is given up to fluid pumped from the disk surface. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 5 The figure to the right (Figure 5A) represents a disk at rest where the fluid pressures are at atmosphere (0 PSI gauge) and are equal on the disk and externally (internal chassis pressure). This is a point of zero flow. The figure to the right (Figure 5B) demonstrates flow vectoring relative to the radial reference (brown dashed line) where the blue dashed line represents the flow vector as a result of the disk pressure and the external disk (chassis ) pressure differences. The blue dashed line as shown is an example since no imbalanced pressures are presented and there is zero disk velocity. The green arc (+) and pink arc (-) represent angular flow displacement from the perpendicular disk radial vector in terms of flow velocity (blue dashed line). A positive flow angle would move working fluid currents from the disk assembly causing an energy (pumping) loss while a negative flow angle would move working fluid currents onto the disk towards the central ports, causing a disk assembly energy (motoring) gain. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 6 The figure to the left (Figure 6A) represents a disk in motion where the motion influenced by an external source causes fluid pressures on the disk to become greater than external pressures and thus exit the disk due to centrifugal forces. This flow pattern is representative of disk pumping action since the working fluid (air) is being pumped from the central ports onto the disk surface and off at its periphery. The pumping action is characteristic of the functioning of the BLTE compression disk assembly. The external disk pressure is the pressure existing between the internal chassis wall and the disk assembly periphery. Each stage of a multi-stage engine will operate at different external disk pressures. The disk deceleration pressure refers to the pressure differential where the greater disk pressure causes the fluid to exit the disk stack at the periphery where that high energy fluid is lost thus causing the disk assembly to decelerate. Another way of analysis is that the energy that turns the pumping disk assembly is lost to the fluid being pressurized as it leaves the disk assembly. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 7 The figure to the left (Figure 7A) represents a disk in motion and an increased external pressure which equals the disk pressure and cause a circular (zero) fluid flow. This point of zero flow allows pressure measurement inside the chassis and reveals the disk pressure which is primarily the combination of disk speed and disk drag. The disk assembly will eventually coast to a stop due to frictional losses of the bearings, attached loads and the fluid currents motivated by the disk periphery and slowed by the internal chassis walls. Another way of considering this pumping action is that the fluid flowing from the center ports outward interferes with the rotating currents adhered to the disk surfaces causing them to straighten out at an angle that removes those currents from the disks ( HYPERLINK \l "Figure8A" Figure 8A) and thus slowing the disk rotation. This is the basic action of a centrifugal pump, taking external or centrifugal force to move material from the disk surface to its periphery and away. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 8 The force of the pumping/motoring action developed at the periphery or center ports of the disk or disk assembly is dependent on the following factors: Disk speed (angular velocity) Disk diameter Tangential Velocity = disk diameter x disk speed Disk smoothness Disk spacing (for a disk assembly) Engine temperature Center port size (aperture area) The potential pressure of the pumping action (force) developed at the periphery of the disk or disk assembly would be the same as above except where some restriction of fluid flow exists at the center ports and the full force of material exiting from the disk periphery is not realized. DISK MOTORING ACTION When a working fluid is forced towards the center ports of a rotating disk or disk assembly (centripetal force) it encounters high speed working fluid currents (at the disk periphery) and forces those currents to spiral inward where they lose their energy causing the disks to increase speed and/or torque until the outward disk centrifugal disk pressure equals the inward directed combustion (centripetal) pressure. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 9 In the presence of combustion the following events can be expected to transpire: The disk assembly (compression and power disks) is rotated by an external source in start mode which establishes the direction of operation. Without a combustion event, the air (fluid) will circulate from the intake central ports ( HYPERLINK \l "Figure1" Figure 1) item 2 on the left to the exhaust ports item 16 on the right. The zero flow events reveal the disk assembly pressures of individual stages. Since disk pressure is primarily a combination of disk speed and drag, these events provide an indirect empirical method of measuring disk drag. The combustion event will produce a combustion pressure which will be less than the compression pressure but greater than the power disk pressure. This pressure differential will cause the working fluid (exhaust) to be forced across the power disks extracting the working fluid energy in the form of disk assembly speed and torque delivered to the output shaft. As the BLTE turns faster the compression pressure raises and the power disk potential pressure rises but at a lower rate, forcing more working fluid across the power disks increasing the power output. If a second stage or an evacuation disk assembly post auxiliary stage ( HYPERLINK \l "Figure1" Figure 1) is used, the preceding power disk assembly pressure is decreased from what its speed would suggest, increasing the working fluid flow across its face which increases the power output. A sudden increase of fuel may cause the combustion pressure to exceed the compressor disk assembly pressure which is defined as compressor stall (a backfire event). This may cause a momentary engine speed increase, temperature increase since intake air is interrupted, engine flameout and a secondary backfire if fuel is continually injected and a repeated compressor stall sequence. The BLTE should be capable of extremely low operational speed in the range of 50 to 200 RPM dependent on the integrity of the disk assembly to chassis seal and the disk assembly disk spacing. Low speed operation implies a low power output which could be a warm backup or ready state operational mode. The BLTE is a high speed, medium to low torque device which implies a relative slow engine acceleration response which is in keeping with the characteristics of conventional turbine engines. The use of a high speed motor-generator and battery supply will ensure high acceleration and high power output upon demand. The BLTE has a best speed (most efficient speed) of operation for its various constructions. It becomes possible with the use of a high-speed motor-generator and battery supply to produce high power output upon demand while maintaining the BLTE disk assembly speed. This is accomplished by tapping the stored energy reserves of the battery supply which can be released much faster than mechanical devices supplying high power outputs for various durations. MINIMAL BLTE CONFIGURATION The following schematic drawing (Figure 10) is an example of the minimum BLTE configuration with regard to the number of disks used to represent BLTE operation. The components are: Pancake chassis arrangement (the correct height and width relationship is not represented by the schematic drawing of Figure 10) Front and rear bearings & bearing covers (center white blocks) Front and rear female chassis mounted labyrinth seals (blue disks) Front and rear male shaft mounted labyrinth seals (grey disks) Compression disk (larger black disk) Star washers (black spacers) before and after red baffle disk Chassis mounted baffle disk (red disk) Power disk (smaller black disk) 3-slotted BLTE shaft The spark (blue flash) igniter is shown inserted into the top of the pancake chassis A representation of a fuel injector is shown at the bottom of the pancake chassis Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 10 Addressing pulse-driven operation A simpler, two disk (minimum) configuration lends itself to an extremely small construction size. The use of differentially sized disks and baffle disks for redirection of air or working fluid flow is the identifier of the BLTE. The example shown above ( HYPERLINK \l "Figure10" Figure 10) is a BLTE continuous burn configuration. The BLTE may also be configured for operation in a pulsed mode or may enter a pulsed mode of operation as the result of over-fueling and backfire. The pulsed (reciprocating) mode of operation is demonstrated by the working fluid flow patterns of HYPERLINK \l "Figure8A" Figures 8A & HYPERLINK \l "Figure9A" Figure 9A. HYPERLINK \l "Figure8A" Figure 8A demonstrates the compression cycle generated by either external motoring or the momentum of the disk energy stored from the previous combustion cycle. HYPERLINK \l "Figure9A" Figure 9A demonstrates the combustion cycle where the energy of the combustion process is captured by the decreasing radius of the working fluid flow. In the pulsed mode of operation the working fluid flow currents which delineate pumping from motoring actions have a very small angle of flow difference. This small angle of change between the two working fluid flow modes (positive to negative and conversely) of operation across smooth disks maintain the laminar flow which allows flat disk engines such outstanding efficiency. In addition the absence of vanes or buckets allow higher or lower energy currents to find their own paths around the disk faces making for less turbulent flow and thus higher efficiency. Some characteristics of pulsed operation are: Pulse frequency is a function of: Combustion pressure (fueling type or amount) more fuel Disk pressure (( disk speed) higher disk pressure Pulse frequency is not fixed to the disk position as would be the case in a reciprocating piston-driven engine. The sequence of pulsed operation is: Initial external disk motion (operation in either direction is possible unless externally biased) Disk rotation pumps (compresses) air to a high internal chassis pressure Fuel is injected Spark is applied Combustion is initiated Exhaust gasses escape across the same disk face(s) that compressed the air initially delivering energy to the disk assembly Disk motion is accelerated Exhaust cycle evacuates the engine chassis Disk motion in the same direction now re-pressurizes the internal chassis cavity initiating the next pulse cycle Pulse frequency (pulse repetition rate) is related to: Disk speed (angular velocity) Disk diameter Tangential Velocity = disk diameter x disk speed Disk smoothness Disk spacing (for a disk assembly) Engine temperature Center port size (aperture area) Pulsed engine requirements: High-speed pressure-sensitive sensors to initiate fuel delivery High-speed pressure-sensitive sensors to initiate the spark event Dr Nikola Tesla was able to demonstrate the Tesla Turbine operation in a pulsed mode configuration with the use of a unidirectional valve for fueling called the valvular conduit. I have discovered no detailed documented results. Mention of this machine is made at the end of the file HYPERLINK "http://www.rexresearch.com/teslatur/teslatur.htm" \t "_blank" http://www.rexresearch.com/teslatur/teslatur.htm. BLTE ABSTRACT This invention embodies a description of a flat-disk radial flow turbine engine, the Internal Combustion Boundary Layer Turbine Engine (BLTE), which is scalable in size and can provide high, medium or low power outputs respectively. The BLTE provides these outputs at much higher efficiency than that of a reciprocating piston-driven engine or a conventional radial flow turbine engine. This engine offers simple and inexpensive construction with commonly available machine tools. This engine offers the light weight and high power output capability of a continuous burn turbine engine with reduced exhaust flow and reduced emissions. The BLTE application of differentially sized flat blades solves the problem of internal combustion and multi-stage operation for this new category of engine. PATENT PROGRESS Internal Combustion Boundary Layer Turbine Engine (BLTE) has recently had the patent application published and is now viewable and in the public domain. The patent application number is 13/452,810 and may be reviewed on the Public PAIR system which is part of the US Patent and Trademark Office website, HYPERLINK "http://www.uspto.gov" www.uspto.gov. Daniel Woody Copyright CSD LLC 1 March 2013 Page PAGE 2 of NUMPAGES 16 BLTE Construction and Operation danwoody@sbcglobal.com Daniel Woody Copyright CSD LLC 1 March 2013 Page PAGE 14 of NUMPAGES 16 BLTE Construction and Operation danwoody@sbcglobal.com Figure 2 Main Stage Disks Front View Notes: Red dotted lines are construction lines. Figure 1 Main Stage Detail Figure 10 Schematic Construction of the Minimal Configuration BLTE Side View EMBED MSPhotoEd.3 14 11 9 7 8 13 16 12 5 16 14 11 4 9 8 7 water (or fuel) 6 4 3 2 Post Auxiliary Stage (Exhaust) Main Stage 2 Main Stage 1 Schematic Operation of the Complex (Single Chassis) Internal Combustion BLTE Side View outer port radius outer port radius fuel water (or fuel) fuel Figure 8A Increasing disk speed or decreased combustion pressure increases disk pressure to periphery pressure increasing pumping action. Pressure gradient is from higher (on disk face) to lower (outside disk periphery) Direction of Rotation Direction of Rotation Figure 9A Decreasing disk speed (loading) or increased combustion pressure reduces disk pressure to periphery pressure increasing motoring action. Pressure gradient is from higher (outside disk periphery) to lower (on disk face) Direction of Rotation Figure 8B Direction of Rotation Direction of Rotation Figure 4A Figure 5A Figure 6A Figure 7A Figure 7B Figure 4B External disk pressure Figure 5B Figure 6B Disk pressure Resultant flow direction Perpendicular disk velocity Disk pressure External disk pressure Disk deceleration pressure External disk pressure Resultant flow direction Resultant flow direction Disk pressure External disk pressure Resultant direction becomes more positive towards disk periphery Disk pressure (increases towards periphery) External disk pressure Force of Fluid Attachment Resultant flow direction Disk pressure Figure 9B External disk acceleration pressure Distance from Disk Surface Edge-on View of Disks Boundary layer (single disk) attachment force profile (stronger closer to disk) Combined (2 disk interaction) boundary layering attachment force profile (stronger closer to disks) Figure 3 Compression disk (larger) Power disk (smaller) Central Ports (3) Shaft Opening with 3 Tabs A B C Points A, B & C show the magnitude of drag force at 3 distances from the disk surface on the horizontal axis fuel + - Radial reference : ; I N U V W X r s ʻʬpZ